森林保险制度体系重塑与运行机制优化

森林保险市场存在有效需求不足、创新供给乏力、地方政府参与积极性低的供需双冷局面,财政补贴政策低效运行。其根本原因是缺乏独立的适应其特殊性的森林保险制度体系作为保障,致使现有运行机制不协同,产品体系不科学,补贴机制不合理,导致市场发展缓慢。为此,通过林业风险与林业生产的属性特征分析,确定我国森林保险属性定位应是有政府支持的商业性森林保险,在此基础上围绕运行模式、产品体系、财政补贴体系建立相应的运行机制,从而构建一套独立综合的森林保险制度体系与运行机制,以改善供需双冷市场僵局,保障财政补贴政策有效发挥,推动森林保险健康持续发展。     

基于局部均衡模型的中国羊肉市场供需变动分析

对中国羊肉市场供需变动情况进行深入分析,并运用局部均衡模型探究中国羊肉市场供给与需求相互变动的主要原因,最后运用ARIMA模型预测方法对中国未来羊肉供需变化进行预测分析。研究结果表明,中国羊肉市场需求的满足以国内市场供给为主,2017年国内供需缺口为74.28万t,约是1994年的3.82倍,供需缺口有扩大倾向。上一期肉羊存栏量、肉羊胴体质量水平、羊肉市场价格均显著影响国内羊肉市场供给量;上一期人均消费量与收入水平是影响城镇与农村居民当期人均消费量的重要因素;国际羊肉价格对国内羊肉出口量产生显著正向影响。在未来一段时期内,中国羊肉产量将保持稳定增长,羊肉消费量进一步增加,预计到2030年达到843.03万t,羊肉进口量较大幅度提高,可一定程度弥补国内羊肉供需缺口。为此,一方面需通过技术与政策支持大力发展国内肉羊产业,另一方面也需积极开拓国际市场,加强贸易协作。     

育雏早期应用氟苯尼考对禽腺病毒感染雏鸡病情的影响

为了评价氟苯尼考的应用对禽腺病毒感染雏鸡病情的影响,本试验通过对血清4型禽腺病毒感染SPF雏鸡并应用氟苯尼考饮水给药,监测雏鸡的发病及排毒情况,并对免疫器官指数、干扰素相关基因及细胞因子基因表达情况进行检测。结果显示,病毒感染雏鸡后应用氟苯尼考能显著增加雏鸡的病死率及排毒量,加重雏鸡的病理学变化,并降低雏鸡免疫器官指数,还可降低干扰素相关基因IRF-7、2′-5′OAS、MX1和细胞因子基因IL-6、IFN-γ、TNF-α的转录水平。本试验进一步认识了氟苯尼考的毒副作用,对临床氟苯尼考的合理用药提供了相关数据支持,为进一步研究氟苯尼考的毒副作用奠定了基础。     

成都市土地利用时空结构变化研究

随着经济的高速发展,城市化对土地利用结构变化的影响较大,土地利用时空结构变化研究对土地规划及可持续发展具有重要意义。本文对成都市2000—2020年的土地利用数据进行处理,计算土地利用年变化率(R)、土地利用程度综合指数和土地利用变化量(S),得出以下结论:(1)耕地和建设用地变化幅度较大,总体呈增大的趋势;林地和其他土地总体呈减小趋势;水域面积呈现先减少后增加的趋势;(2)2000—2020年以来,土地利用程度综合指数整体呈上升趋势,土地利用日趋集约化,土地利用类型更加单一化;(3)成都市在2000—2005年、2005—2010年和2015—2020年土地处于发展期;而在2010—2015年,土地处于衰退期;并简要分析得到对土地利用结构的主要影响为人口变动、自然因素、产业调整等方面。     

西藏日喀则地区马铃薯气候适宜度模型分析及其时空变化特征研究

基于日喀则地区7个国家气象站1980—2021年逐日气象数据,分析构建了高原马铃薯气温(T)、光照(S)、水分(W)、气候(C)适宜度评价模型并对其时空变化特征进行分析,结果发现：近42年日喀则地区S平均值为0.82,呈逐年弱下降趋势,T、W、C适宜度平均值分别为0.79、0.64、0.61,均呈逐年上升趋势;马铃薯全生育期的光热资源都在最合理区域(S、T≥0.7),满足了其长发育需求。W在播种～出苗期(W=0.62)、开花～成熟期(W=0.44)呈现较低水平,是制约日喀则地区马铃薯生长发育的最主要因素;T、S空间分布较均匀,且呈现自西向东、自南北向中递增趋势,W空间分布不均匀。桑珠孜区—南木林县一带地区为马铃薯综合气候适宜度高值区(C>0.6),适宜大力发展马铃薯产业。由本文建立的日尺度气候适宜度评价模型得出的年际变化和区域特征结果与实际情况比较一致,为了解气候变化下日喀则马铃薯生长发育适宜度的时空变化提供依据。     

Terrestrial Arthropods in the Initial Restoration Stages of Anthracite Coal Mine Spoil Heaps in Northwestern Spain: Potential Usefulness of Higher Taxa as Restoration Indicators

An “edaphic‐landscape” restoration was performed in two anthracite coal mine spoil heaps located in NW Spain as a demonstration and pilot program for the restoration of coal mine spoils. Terrestrial arthropods were used to monitor the process as an alternative to the use of secondary succession of plants or physico‐chemical indicators of soils. This study analyzes the usefulness of the terrestrial arthropods at different taxonomic levels (orders of Arthropoda, families of Coleoptera, and species of Carabidae) as restoration indicators in the initial restoration stages. The terrestrial arthropods respond rapidly to restoration, and the results may be explained by short‐term increase in abiotic factors resulting from the applied techniques, mainly the animal origin of the organic matter added and the biodegradable coconut geotextile. Carabidae is of relatively low value as a short‐term restoration indicator at a specific level. Coleoptera provided the best information for interpreting the ecological results over the short term and had the best relationship with the cost of identification. Likewise, the results showed that the edaphic‐landscape restoration leads to an abnormal arthropod assemblage in the short term because of an excessive abundance of isopods and polydesmids. No clear convergence appeared toward any of the terrestrial arthropod communities present in the grassland, scrubland, or woodland semi‐natural areas, which were used as reference end point. The restoration indicator value produced by the higher taxonomic levels of the studied terrestrial arthropods may be useful and cost‐effective for assessing short‐term changes caused by environmental restorations performed to recover ecosystems affected by mining activities. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

重点国有林区森林资源管理政策变革措施分析

重点国有林区天然林资源保护工程实施5年后,工程区内各级森林资源管理部门仍然沿用既往政策,已不适应新时期林业发展的趋势,更不利于森林资源的保护与利用。文中对尽快实施森林分类经营、规范林权流转、适度采伐人工商品林等森林资源管理政策提出了变革建议与对策。     

从澳大利亚引进的两种相思植物光合速率和蒸腾效率的初步研究

以LCA-4光合蒸腾测定系统进行大腺相思和多花相思叶片气体交换过程的测定。结果如下：（1）净光合速率日变化明显，且变化趋势大体一致，即10：00-13：00具有较高的光合速率，其它测定时间相对较低。（2）两树种净光合速率存在差异。大腺相思高于多花相思，其最大值分别为19.6(10:00),16.1(13:00)μmolm^-2s^-1，日平均值分别为11.9,9.8μmolm^-2s^-1，反映了大腺相思的生长速度较多花相思快。（3）大腺相思和多花相思蒸腾速率日变化明显，正午前后较高，13：00达到最大，日平均值多花相思略高于大腺相思，分别为3.3,3.0mmolm^-2s^-1，表明在相同的环境条件下大腺相思的耗水量低于多花相思。（4）两树种蒸腾效率的日变化趋势大体上也类似，即在9：00-11：00较高，此期间大腺相思和多花相思和多花相思的平均值分别为5.51,4.21μmolCO2/mmolH2O。日平均值大腺厢思和多花相思分别为3.84,2.88μmolCO2/mmolH2O,表明消耗等量的水分大腺相思比多花相思能固定更多的CO2量，即有更高的水分利用效率。     

Foresters' beliefs about farmers: a priority for social science research in social forestry

This study suggests that one of the most productive (and most neglected) uses of social science research in forestry development projects is to examine foresters' beliefs regarding rural peoples. This suggestion is illustrated with data from the Forestry Planning and Development Project, Pakistan's first nation-wide social forestry project.The operational component of this project, intended to assist small farmers to cultivate trees on their farmlands, ran into immediate difficulties. Many of the foresters involved insisted that small farmers were simply not interested in tree cultivation. A comprehensive base-line study subsequently was carried out to examine the validity of this belief. The results of this study (confirmed by the subsequent experience with the project in the field) varied markedly from the foresters' beliefs.While many of the foresters believed small farmers were opposed to having trees on their farms and would not agree to plant trees under the project, most farmers already had trees on their farms and expressed interest in planting more; while many foresters believed farmers would only be interested in planting large blocks of market-oriented exotics, most farmers requested small plantings of multi-purpose native trees; while many foresters believed farmers would plant trees only for market sale, most farmers requested trees to meet household needs for fuel and timber; and while many foresters did not think that increasing supplies of fuelwood could reduce the burning of dung, all of the evidence provided by the farmers suggested that it would.The disparity between farmer reality and forester belief is attributed to failures on the part of both foresters and social scientists — failure by foresters to distinguish their non-empirical beliefs about farmers from their empirically-based knowledge of trees, and failure by social scientists to recognize the belief systems of foresters as a legitimate and important object of study. Their study comprises three parts: finding out what the foresters think the farmers want, finding out from the farmers what they actually want, and then analyzing and explaining the differences.     

甘肃竹林资源的历史变迁与发展建议

根据历史文献和实地考察资料，论述了甘肃省竹林资源的历史分布变迁和特点以及现在竹资源现状，对今后甘肃省的竹林发展提出了一些建设性建议。